What Is DHEA?

Compared to estrogen and progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a lesser-known option for hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Naturally produced by the adrenal glands, DHEA is a steroid molecule known as a precursor, which gets metabolically converted into the male and female sex steroid hormones testosterone and estrogen. Both men and women produce testosterone and estrogen, but in different amounts. Research suggests that the conversion of DHEA is responsible for more than 90% of estrogen levels in postmenopausal women and approximately 30% of androgen levels in men.⁽¹⁾

DHEA affects various body systems, including the cardiovascular system, central nervous system, and reproductive system.⁽²⁾ Levels of this precursor substantially decline each year with age, which may increase the risk of certain health conditions. Here are different ways DHEA supplements may benefit women’s health.

Benefits of DHEA for Women

Testosterone levels are highest when women are in their 20s and decrease thereafter. Similarly, DHEA production peaks in a woman’s mid-20s and progressively drops by 10% each decade.⁽³⁾ By age 75, DHEA levels in women are about 80% lower than at age 25. This gradual decline in DHEA production that occurs in both men and women from midlife into older adulthood is known as adrenopause.⁽⁴⁾

DHEA supplementation can increase the body’s natural testosterone levels. Some of the potential health benefits of replenishing low DHEA levels in women may include the following:⁽⁵⁾

• Stronger immune system

• Slower progression of age-related changes in the body

• Decreased inflammation

• Enhanced memory and cognitive function 

• Improved blood flow

• Increased lean muscle mass 

• Greater bone mineral density

• Enhanced sexual function

What is DHEA used for?

DHEA is often used to treat certain symptoms associated with menopause.⁽⁶⁾ Although study findings are mixed, DHEA may offer some additional health benefits, including the following: 

DHEA for Weight Loss

The risk of excess abdominal fat increases with age, primarily due to natural metabolic changes that begin in a person’s 30s.⁽⁷⁾ This accumulation of abdominal fat, also known as visceral fat, which surrounds internal organs, can lead to an increased risk of insulin resistance. Insulin moves sugar from the blood into tissues that need it for energy. When the body becomes resistant to insulin, sugar stays in the bloodstream, which can lead to elevated glucose levels and potentially type 2 diabetes. Researchers have observed a link between insulin resistance and excess abdominal fat.

One age-related factor believed to contribute to this type of weight gain is the decline in DHEA levels. Some studies have shown that restoring levels of the precursor may reduce visceral fat. One study demonstrated that six months of daily DHEA supplementation enhanced insulin action and reduced abdominal fat in older adults.⁽⁸⁾ In a subsequent study, researchers found that a year of DHEA supplementation continued to improve insulin action in adults with glucose intolerance. However, only slight reductions in abdominal fat were seen in men, while women showed no decrease.⁽⁹⁾

Although more research is needed, the relationship between DHEA and abdominal fat may be related to the precursor’s ability to prevent the rapid growth of cells responsible for fat storage, called adipocytes. It is also believed that DHEA reduces activity in these cells, regulates hunger-related hormones, and enhances insulin sensitivity in people with low levels of the steroid molecule.⁽¹⁰⁾ 

DHEA for Heart Disease Prevention

Low levels of DHEA have been linked to cardiovascular issues, including coronary artery disease and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), which is characterized by the stiffening of arterial walls due to plaque buildup.⁽¹¹⁾ DHEA supplementation has been shown to reduce arterial stiffness in older adults, lower cardiovascular disease risk, and reverse arterial aging.⁽¹²⁾Some research has further demonstrated that DHEA may prevent or reverse abnormal changes in the vascular wall caused by disease or surgery. The steroid molecule has also been found to have vasorelaxant effects, prompting the blood vessels to widen for enhanced blood flow.^(11)(13) While other studies have found DHEA to have no significant effects on cardiovascular risk factors, such as blood pressure or lipid profiles, experts suggest that the precursor warrants further research due to its potential protective properties against cardiovascular diseases.⁽¹⁴⁾

DHEA and Mental Health

DHEA supplements show promise in reducing symptoms of depression. One study published in JAMA Psychiatry found that men and women aged 45 to 65 who were treated with DHEA supplements for six weeks experienced improvements in both major and minor depression symptoms.⁽¹⁵⁾ 

DHEA and cortisol, known as the stress hormone, appear to be closely linked. Research has shown that high levels of DHEA are associated with reductions in depressive symptoms in people with elevated cortisol levels.⁽¹⁶⁾ Another study showed that patients diagnosed with schizophrenia who were given DHEA over the course of six weeks experienced reductions in both anxiety and depression symptoms.⁽¹⁷⁾ 

DHEA to Increase Libido

Changes in levels of sex steroid hormones during the menopause transition can have an impact on libido. Although study results have been inconclusive, there is considerable research supporting the use of DHEA to increase sexual desire. 

A study published in the International Menopause Society’s scientific journal Climacteric found that DHEA increased sexual interest and frequency in individuals experiencing symptoms of sexual dysfunction. It also reduced pain during intercourse, increased arousal and lubrication, and improved orgasm. These effects were particularly evident in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women.⁽¹⁸⁾ DHEA has also been shown to improve sexual function in premenopausal women in their 30s and 40s with infertility issues.⁽¹⁹⁾

DHEA for Bone Loss Prevention

There is strong evidence to suggest that optimal levels of DHEA may help safeguard against osteoporosis, a disease in which bones become progressively weaker. Age-related loss of bone mineral density and bone mass increases the risk of potentially dangerous fractures, particularly among older adults. 

DHEA is believed to increase bone mineral density and help maintain bone homeostasis, the balance between new bone formation and the breakdown of old bone tissue, by prompting activity in cells and hormones involved in bone growth.⁽²⁰⁾

DHEA for Increasing Natural Testosterone Levels 

Female DHEA levels steadily decline after peaking in a woman’s 20s, and these hormonal imbalances can significantly impact quality of life. As a precursor to sex steroid hormones, DHEA can help increase natural levels of testosterone. For some women, restoring normal physiological levels of DHEA to boost the body’s testosterone levels can be a key aspect of HRT.

The risk of higher-than-normal testosterone levels due to over-replacement of DHEA can be mitigated by taking the appropriate doses as recommended by a doctor. This ensures that hormone levels are restored to normal with minimal side effects.

DHEA Supplements During Menopause

During a woman’s premenopausal years, the body produces about 6 to 8 mg of DHEA daily.⁽³⁾ Supplementing with this steroid molecule may help address common symptoms experienced during menopause due to declining hormone levels.

Vaginal DHEA suppositories may be used to treat menopause-related thinning of the vaginal lining, potentially reducing pain during intercourse by as much as 15% in postmenopausal women.⁽⁶⁾ Alternatively, oral or topical DHEA may be effective in addressing skin changes during postmenopause. While some research suggests DHEA may help relieve other menopausal symptoms, study findings have been inconsistent, and the potential health risks of short-term and long-term use are still being examined. 

Recommended DHEA Dosage for Women

Appropriate doses of HRT are determined by a number of different factors, including age, health status, and medication use. Women considering DHEA supplementation for treatment of menopausal symptoms should speak to a healthcare provider about the potential benefits, risks, and recommended doses. 

For women interested in DHEA’s additional health benefits, it is important to note that the supplement is not considered a first-line treatment method for issues related to bone health, cardiovascular disease, mental health, or libido. Patients are encouraged to follow their doctor’s treatment recommendations for these specific health concerns. 

DHEA Side Effects in Females

Different forms of DHEA can produce different side effects in females. Mild adverse effects associated with oral DHEA include the following:⁽⁶⁾ 

• Acne

• Abdominal discomfort

• Irritability

When taken in excess, DHEA may also have serious side effects:

• High androgen levels

• Reduced HDL or “good” cholesterol

• Worsening of existing liver problems

• Worsening of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

• Cancer

• Impulsiveness

• Changes in insulin activity in people with diabetes

• Potential health risks to the baby in pregnant or breastfeeding individuals

DHEA can also interact with certain medications and supplements. Patients should consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new medications.